Posterior shoulder dislocation occurs when the top of the upper arm bone, known as the humerus, moves backward out of its socket. This causes pain, muscle spasms, and a limited range of motion. The ...

Shoulder instability, most often affecting the glenohumeral joint, arises when static or dynamic restraints fail to maintain the humeral head centred in the glenoid fossa. Assessment begins with ...

Physical therapy and medications are often the first treatment for shoulder injuries. However, shoulder surgery is also an option to repair joints, rotator cuffs, or dislocations, to name a few. The ...