Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and associated back pain place a significant burden on the population. IVD degeneration is a progressive cascade of cellular, compositional and structural ...

Back pain is often caused by intervertebral disc degeneration. Cellular changes occur early during the degenerative process—chondroid metaplasia of the nucleus pulposis (NP), in which notochordal ...

The hierarchical structure of the intervertebral disc (approximately 45–55 mm diameter in the human lumbar spine and 2.5–5 mm in the rat coccygeal spine) is composed of the outer fiber-reinforced ...

IN 1948 and 1950 Lindblom 1,2 reported his experience with diskography. In these reports he described a method of direct visualization of normal and pathologic lumbar intervertebral disks by means of ...