Let 𝐺 = (𝑉,𝐸), 𝑉={1,2,...,𝑛}, be a simple connected graph of order𝑛, size 𝑚 with vertex degree sequence 𝑑1 ≥ 𝑑2 ≥ ... ≥ 𝑑𝑛 > 0, 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑑(𝜐𝑖). The geometric–arithmetic topological index ...

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Mathematical truths are often born of the conflict between order and disorder. Mathematicians discover patterns, and, to better understand the mysterious forces at play, they look for countervailing ...