May 29, 2020 · In research that investigates a potential cause-and-effect relationship, a confounding variable is an unmeasured third variable that influences both the supposed cause …

Jun 9, 2021 · Confounding variable: A variable that is not included in an experiment, yet affects the relationship between the two variables in an experiment. This type of variable can …

In causal inference, a confounder[a] is a variable that affects both the dependent variable and the independent variable, creating a spurious relationship. [1][2][3]

Sep 15, 2020 · A confounding variable leads to a false association between the independent and dependent variable. A confounding variable is a variable that influences both the independent …

Mar 21, 2025 · TL;DR: A confounding variable is an outside factor that influences both the predictor (independent) and outcome (dependent) in a study, potentially distorting the …

Jul 31, 2023 · A confounding variable is an unmeasured third variable that influences, or “confounds,” the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable by …

Confounding variables are any other variable that also has an effect on your dependent variable. They are like extra independent variables that are having a hidden effect on your dependent …

Confounding variables can lead to misleading results by making it appear that there is a direct relationship between two variables when there may not be one. Identifying and controlling for …

Nov 26, 2025 · Confounding in statistics occurs when an extraneous variable influences both the independent and dependent variables, creating misleading results. In simple words, a …

Feb 7, 2025 · A confounding variable, also known as a confounder or confounding factor, is an external variable that can influence the relationship between the independent and dependent …